From Link Building Guide

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Co-Citation Analysis Tools: Measuring URL Weight

Co-citation occurs when a single URL links to two URLs. Each of the two URLs has the same co-citation.

This URL explains the co-citation relationship and importance well, saying:

"Bibliographic Co-Citation is a popular similarity measure used to establish a subject similarity between two items. If A and B are both cited by C, they may be said to be related to one another, even though they don't directly reference each other. If A and B are both cited by many other items, they have a stronger relationship. The more items they are cited by, the stronger their relationship is."

What this means for you is that when you find a potential link opportunity that links with other strong websites, your link will be similarly valued in a certain respect with those other valuable websites. In other words, you want to be linked to, where other valuable websites/competitors are linked to from as well.

SEOBook's Hubfinder is a subscription-based co-citation analysis tool:

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Competitor Backlink Gathering Tools | Bulk PageRank Checkers